Criticisms on the Studies of World History Essay - 1989 Words

In the late twentieth century, the study of world history has emerged to allow both historians and students to understand the world from a global perspective. World history is viewed to be part of the academic field than the research field. According to Charles Hedrick, author of The Ethics of World History, Western civilization was the main course taught in schools and universities before world history became part of the curriculum. The need to understand the world in a broader perspective compared to a Western perspective made the study of world history popular in the United States. Historians approached the study of world history with a thematic approach to understand the integration and difference between people and major events of†¦show more content†¦This is most noticeable in patriotic world history. The development of world history from the Right created the â€Å"patriotic world history.† This approached to world history advocated American values and accompl ishments. Patriotic world history most obvious criticism is its Eurocentric perspective on world history. The patriotic world history serves its purpose by â€Å"legitimiz[ing] particular political values.† It focuses on the values and experiences of European and Euro-American, while treating other societies as paths to avoid. Sometime patriotic world history â€Å"goes so far as to exclude most of the world’s peoples and societies from world history.† This approach is far from the original goals of world history to understand integration and differences between people and events without compromising other societies. Another criticism of patriotic world history is the lack of professional historians. Two advocates of patriotic world historians are Paul Ganon and Diane Ravitch. While they have a degree in history, they lack the qualification of a professional historian. 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The First World War - 1809 Words

The first world war was one of the most brutal and remorseless events in history; ‘the global conflict that defined a century’. Over nine million soldiers and a large amount of innocent civilians lost their lives. Empires crumbled, revolution engulfed Russia and America rose to become a dominant world power. Huge armies deployed new weapons of devastating effect from rifles and pistols to torpedoes and flame throwers. These weapons were used not only in the trenches but by tanks too. This was an advantage to those who were able to access such machinery as they could easily launch bullets and missiles at nearby enemy bases. The downfall of the tank was the fact it was unable to cross the trenches. Tanks were not the only pieces of equipment that could access this machinery but U boats and planes too. The British carried ‘bolt action rifles’ in which fired 15 rounds per minute at a minimum range of 1,400 metres away. This allowed the British to take out foes at a far greater range. 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Actions Speak Louder Than Words Free Essays

string(114) " stronger than spatial compatibility when the spatial cue is smaller and less dynamic than the body movement cue\." Title: Actions speak louder than words: comparing automatic imitation and verbal command Authors: Helge Gillmeister, Arnaud Badets and Cecilia Heyes University College London, London, UK Corresponding author: Helge Gillmeister Department of Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom Tel. : +44 207 679 5379 E-mail: h. gillmeister@ucl. We will write a custom essay sample on Actions Speak Louder Than Words or any similar topic only for you Order Now ac. uk Running head: Actions speak louder than words Word count: 3904 Actions speak louder than words Abstract Automatic imitation – copying observed actions without intention – is known to occur, not only in neurological patients and those with developmental disorders, but also in healthy, typically-developing adults and children. Previous research has shown that a variety of actions are automatically imitated, and that automatic imitation promotes social affiliation and rapport. We assessed the power of automatic imitation by comparing it with the strength of the tendency to obey verbal commands. In a Stroop interference paradigm, the stimuli were compatible, incompatible and neutral compounds of hand postures and verbal commands. When imitative responses were required, the impact of irrelevant action images on responding to words was greater than the effect of irrelevant words on responding to actions. Control group performance showed that this asymmetry was not due to modality effects or differential salience of action and word stimuli. These results indicate that automatic imitation was more powerful than verbal command. 1 Actions speak louder than words Introduction Even when we do not intend to imitate others, we are inclined to copy their body movements. This tendency, known as ‘mimicry’ or ‘automatic imitation’, was once thought to be confined to patients with frontal brain damage (Lhermitte, Pillon, Serdaru, 1986), atypically-developing individuals (e. g. Charman Baron-Cohen, 1994), ‘savages’ (Darwin, 1989) and nonhuman animals (Thorndike, 1898). More recent research has shown that automatic imitation is also common in healthy, typically-developing adults (e. g. Wallbott, 1991; Lakin Chartrand, 2003; Brass, Bekkering, Wohlschlager, Prinz, 2000) and children (Simpson Riggs, 2007). The purpose of the present study was to estimate the strength of our tendency automatically to imitate the behavior of others by comparing it with the strength of our tendency to do what we are told; to perform actions on verbal command. Most previous research on automatic imitation has been concerned, not with the strength of this tendency, but with its pervasiveness and effects on social attitudes. Carefully controlled laboratory studies have found automatic imitation of facial expressions (e. g. Wallbott, 1991), as well as finger (e. . Brass et al. , 2000), hand (Heyes, Bird, Johnson, Haggard, 2005) and arm movements (e. g. Kilner, Paulignan, Blakemore, 2003). Studies investigating the ‘chameleon 2 Actions speak louder than words effect’ in semi-naturalistic social situations have shown that gestures such as eartouching and foot-wagging are automatically imitated, that this kind of mimicry can occur without the imitator’s conscious awareness, and that it prom otes affiliation and rapport between social partners (e. g. Lakin Chartrand, 2003). Indirect evidence of the pervasiveness of automatic imitation has been provided by functional imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). For example, imaging has shown that the observation of hand, foot and mouth movements activates the same areas of premotor cortex active during their execution (Buccino et al. , 2001). Revealing yet further specificity, the observation of hand and arm movements selectively increases TMS-induced motor evoked potentials from the particular muscles involved in executing these movement (e. g. Strafella Paus, 2000). In behavioral studies, stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) procedures are often used to detect automatic imitation. These procedures provide some indication of the strength of the automatic imitation tendency by showing that it can interfere with performance based on task instructions. For example, Kilner et al. (2003) instructed participants to make sinusoidal arm movements in a vertical plane while observing a model perform the same vertical movements (compatible condition) or sinusoidal arm movements in a horizontal plane (incompatible 3 Actions speak louder than words condition). Although participants were, presumably, equally motivated to obey instructions in the two conditions, their movements showed more, counterinstructional deviation from the vertical plane in the incompatible than in the compatible condition. Other SRC studies have shown that automatic imitation interferes, not only with the spatial properties of movement, but also with its timing. Participants instructed in a simple reaction time (RT) task to open their hand as soon as an observed hand began to move, initiated the opening movement faster when the stimulus hand opened than when it closed (Heyes et al. 2005). Similar studies have shown that automatic imitation can influence the timing of hand and finger movements even when the observed movements are taskirrelevant, i. e. when participants are instructed to respond, not to the observed movements, but to arbitrary stimuli such as digits (Brass et al. , 2000), crosses (Bertenthal et al. , 2006) or colors (Sturmer, Aschersleben, Prinz, 2000 ). As far as we are aware, only one study has explicitly compared the strength of automatic imitation with that of other response tendencies (Brass et al. , 2000). This study found that the impulse to imitate finger movements was stronger than the tendency to respond with finger movements to arbitrary symbols and to static spatial markers. The results were important in providing evidence that automatic imitation is genuinely automatic (i. e. that it occurs contrary to task instructions), and that it is not reducible to spatial compatibility (see also Heyes et al. , 2005; 4 Actions speak louder than words Bertenthal et al. , 2006), but Brass et al. (2000) provided only a very conservative estimate of the strength of automatic imitation. Theories of imitation assume that it is based on stimulus-response connections that are either innate (e. g. Meltzoff Moore, 1997) or the product of long-term learning (e. g. Heyes Ray, 2000). If this is the case, it is not surprising that the tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency, based solely on task instructions, to respond differentially to symbolic cues. Like imitation, spatial compatibility effects depend on innate or learned response tendencies (Tagliabue, Zorzi, Umilta, Bassignani, 2000). However, Brass et al. s study did not show that automatic imitation is generally stronger than the tendency to respond to the site of stimulation; only that automatic imitation is stronger than spatial compatibility when the spatial cue is smaller and less dynamic than the body movement cue. You read "Actions Speak Louder Than Words" in category "Essay examples" The present study provided a more stringent test of the strength of automatic imitation by comparing it with that of the tendency to obey verbal commands. Like imitation, verbal command is a common method of instruction in everyday life, and the power of words to evoke actions is a product of deeply engrained mechanisms. Indeed, one theory of imitation, the associative sequence learning (ASL) model (e. g. Heyes Ray, 2000), suggests that the two response tendencies become engrained in the same way; that we learn to imitate through correlated 5 Actions speak louder than words experience of observing and executing action units, just as we learn the meanings of words through correlated experience of the words and their referents. We used a Stroop procedure to compare the strengths of automatic imitation and verbal command. There were four groups of participants. In the focal group (Manual-Auditory), participants were required in each trial to open or to close their hand in response to a compound stimulus. The compound consisted of an image of a hand in an open, closed or neutral posture, and the sound of a word: ‘open’, ‘close’ or a neutral nonword. In one condition, participants were instructed to imitate the action and to ignore the word (action-relevant task), and in the other condition they were told to obey the verbal command and to ignore the action (word-relevant task). In any given trial, the stimulus on the taskirrelevant dimension (the word in the action task, and the action in the word task) was compatible, incompatible or neutral with respect to the stimulus on the taskrelevant dimension. For example, in the action task, an image of an open hand was accompanied equally often by the word ‘open’ (compatible), the word ‘close’ (incompatible) and by a nonword (neutral). If the tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands, then, in this focal group, one would expect the impact on performance of action stimuli in the word task to be greater than the impact of word stimuli in Actions speak louder than words the action task. More specifically, one would expect the compatible taskirrelevant stimulus to speed responding, and /or the incompatible task-irrelevant stimulus to slow responding, more in the word task than in the action task. However, an effect of this kind would not be sufficient to show t hat automatic imitation is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands, for two reasons. First, it could be that the action images used in this experiment were more salient or easier to discriminate than the word stimuli. In this case, one would expect action images to be more potent stimuli, not only for automatic imitation, but also for nonimitative responding. To address this issue, we included a second group of participants (Vocal-Auditory) who were presented with exactly the same stimuli as the focal group, action images in compound with word sounds, but they were required to make vocal rather than imitative responses. For example, in the action task, this group said ‘open’ when they saw an opened hand, and ‘close’ when they saw a closed hand. Langton, O’Malley, Bruce (1996, Experiment 5) found that irrelevant gestures affected vocal responses to words to the same extent as irrelevant words affected vocal responses to gestures. Therefore, we expected that, in contrast with the focal group, the performance of the Vocal-Auditory group would be affected equally by irrelevant actions in the word task, and by irrelevant words in the action task. 7 Actions speak louder than words The second issue concerns modality of stimulus presentation. In the focal group, actions were presented visually and words were presented in the auditory modality because those conditions are typical of everyday life. In the course of development, it is likely that simple verbal instructions, consisting of a single word, are more often heard than seen. However, because spoken words unfold over time, whereas images are instantaneously available for processing, auditory presentation of verbal commands could put them at a disadvantage. In other words, if irrelevant actions have a greater impact than irrelevant words in the focal group, this could reflect, not the relative strengths of automatic imitation and verbal command, but faster processing of visual than auditory stimuli. To address this issue we included two further groups in which the word stimuli were written rather than spoken. One of these groups (Manual-Visual) made hand movement responses, and the other (Vocal-Visual) made vocal responses. Thus, there were four groups: Manual-Auditory, Vocal-Auditory, ManualVisual and Vocal-Visual. We predicted that in the focal Manual-Auditory group the effect of irrelevant actions on speed of responding to words would be greater than the effect of irrelevant words on responding to actions. If this asymmetric effect indicates that the automatic tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands, rather than an effect of nonspecific features of the stimuli or stimulus-response mapping, then it should also be present in the Manual-Visual group, but not in the Vocal-Auditory or Vocal-Visual groups. 8 Actions speak louder than words Method Participants Forty-eight right-handed volunteers (15 men, mean age: 22.  ±7. 5 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Manual-Auditory, Vocal-Auditory, Manual-Visual and Vocal-Visual. All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and normal hearing. The experiment was carried out with local ethical approval and written consent. Stimuli and Apparatus Warning and imperative stimuli were compounds of hand action s and words with coincidental onsets. Hand actions were life-sized images of postures made by a male right hand, taken from the angle at which one normally views one’s own hand, and presented on a laptop computer screen (60Hz, 400mm, 96DPI) in color on a black background. For the warning stimulus, the hand was in a neutral posture, with the fingers closed and pointing upwards in parallel with the thumb (visual angle: 6. 96 ° x 13. 33 °), and was shown for a variable duration between 800ms and 1520ms. For the imperative stimuli, the hand was in an opened (15. 5 ° x 13. 5 °), closed (7. 0 ° x 11. 2 °) or inverted neutral posture (see Figure 1D for examples), and was shown for 640ms. Word stimuli were either sound files presented via the laptop’s internal speaker (auditory) or superimposed in white 9 Actions speak louder than words nk on the hand stimuli in the centre of the screen (visual; 6. 5 ° to 7. 1 ° x 2. 6 ° to 3. 1 °). For the warning stimulus, the nonword clepo was presented for 650ms (auditory) or between 800 and 1520ms (visual). For the imperative stimuli, the word ‘open’, ‘close’ or the nonword pocle (see Figure 1C for examples) were presented for 640ms (visual) or between 600ms and 640ms (auditory). The nonwords clepo (warning stimulus) and pocle (neutral stimulus) were phonotactic amalgams of phonemes contained in the two words ‘open’ and ‘close’. Pocle contained the same syllables as clepo, presented in reverse order. For the manual response groups, response onset of opening and closing hand movements was measured by recording the electromyogram (EMG) from the first dorsal interosseus muscle of the right hand (see Heyes et al. , 2005). For the vocal response groups, onset of voice responses was measured via a free-standing electret microphone (Vivanco EM 32, Vivanco-direct. com). The RT interval began with the onset of the imperative stimulus, and ended with EMG onset (manual responses) or the activation of the microphone (vocal responses). Design and Procedure Participants sat at a viewing distance of approximately 700mm from the stimulus presentation screen. For the manual response groups, the participant’s right forearm lay in a horizontal position across his/her body, supported from elbow to wrist by an armrest. The wrist was rotated so that the fingers moved 10 Actions speak louder than words upwards during opening responses, and downwards when closing. Thus, the plane of response movement (up-down) was orthogonal to the plane of action stimulus movement (left-right), controlling for any effects of left-right spatial compatibility. After making each response, participants returned their hand to the neutral starting position; their fingers closed and parallel to the thumb. Each trial began with the presentation of the warning stimulus. After a variable duration it was replaced by the imperative stimulus. Participants were instructed to respond to the imperative stimulus as quickly as possible, without making errors, by opening or closing their hand (manual response groups) or by saying ‘open’ or ‘close’ (vocal response groups) as soon as they saw an open or closed hand posture (action-relevant task), or heard or saw the word ‘open’ or ‘close’ (word-relevant task). They were instructed to ignore the irrelevant dimension. After the presentation of the imperative stimulus, the screen went black for 3000ms before the next trial. Four action-relevant and four word-relevant task blocks of 60 trials were presented in alternating order, counterbalanced between participants. Relevant and irrelevant stimulus compounds were compatible (e. g. an open hand accompanied by the word ‘open’), incompatible (e. g. an open hand accompanied by the word ‘close’) or neutral (e. . an open hand accompanied by the nonword pocle). The six trial types, defined by compatibility (compatible, neutral or 11 Actions speak louder than words incompatible) and relevant stimulus (open or close), were equiprobable and randomly intermixed within each block. Results Mean RTs are plotted as a function of task and compatibility in Figures 1AD. Incorrect responses and RTs less than 100ms or greater than 1500ms were removed (3. 1%). Figure 1 about here As predicted, in the focal Manual-Auditory group (A) the impact of irrelevant actions on responding to words was greater than the impact of irrelevant words on responding to actions; there was an asymmetry favoring actions over words. This asymmetry was not observed in the Vocal-Auditory group (B), who responded to exactly the same stimuli using vocal responses rather than hand actions, suggesting that the asymmetry was not due to greater salience of the action than of the word stimuli. The asymmetry favoring actions over words was present in 12 Actions speak louder than words the Manual-Visual group (C), who saw rather than heard the word stimuli, indicating that it did not depend on faster processing of visual than auditory stimuli. Providing further confirmation that this asymmetry was not due to nonspecific factors, the Vocal–Visual group (D) showed the reverse asymmetry; irrelevant actions had a lesser effect on responding to words than did irrelevant words on responding to actions. These impressions were confirmed by an initial ANOVA, in which task (action-relevant, word-relevant) and compatibility (compatible, neutral, incompatible) were within-subject factors, and response mode (manual, vocal) and word modality (auditory, visual) were between-subject factors, and by subsequent analyses in which a 2Ãâ€"3 ANOVA (task x compatibility) was applied to the RT data from each group separately. The initial analysis indicated a significant three-way interaction (task x compatibility x response mode: F(2, 94) = 35. , p . 001), and a nonsignificant four-way interaction (task x compatibility x response mode x word modality: F(2, 94) = 1. 1, p = . 341). The separate analysis of the data from the focal Manual-Auditory group yielded a significant interaction between task and compatibility (F(2, 22) = 20. 8, p . 001), confirming that there was an asymmetry favoring actions over words. This interaction was also significant in the Manual-Visual group (F(2, 22) = 25. 5, p . 001), but it was 13 Actions speak louder than words bsent in the Vocal-Auditory group (F(2, 22) = 1. 5, p = . 252), and reversed in the Vocal-Visual group (F(2, 22) = 5. 5, p = . 017). In the two groups where there was an asymmetry favoring actions over words, mean RT in the action-relevant task was shorter than in the word-relevant task (Manual-Auditory: F(1, 11) = 48. 7, p . 001; Manual-Visual: F(1, 11) = 172. 3, p . 001). To check whether the action-dominant asymmetry was dependent on this main effect of task on RT, the data from these groups were subjected to bin analyses. For each group, RTs of each participant in each task were divided into five bins of equal size (Ratcliff, 1979). Three quintiles were selected in which, within group, mean RT on neutral trials was approximately equal in action-relevant and word-relevant tasks. The data from these quintiles were subjected to 2x3x3 ANOVAs (task x compatibility x bin). These analyses showed that, in each group, although there was no main effect of task on RT (Manual-Auditory: F 1; Manual-Visual: F(1, 11) = 1. 1, p = . 16), there was a significant task x compatibility interaction (Manual-Auditory: F(2, 22) = 11. 8, p . 001; Manual-Visual: F(2, 22) = 11. 9, p = . 001). Thus, the action-dominant asymmetry observed in the Manual-Auditory and Manual-Visual groups did not depend on faster responding in the action task than in the word task. 14 Actions speak louder than words Discussion Previous research has shown that healthy adult humans have a pervasive and automatic tendency to imitate the actions of oth ers, but this is the first study to provide a stringent test of the strength of this tendency. Using hand actions in a Stroop procedure, the power of actions to elicit imitative responses was compared with the strength of our tendency to obey verbal commands. The results from the focal group, who made manual responses to simultaneously presented actions and spoken words, showed that the impact of irrelevant actions on responding to words was greater than the impact of irrelevant words on imitative responding to actions. The same asymmetry was observed when written, rather than spoken, words were presented, indicating that it was not due to faster processing in the visual modality. The same asymmetry was not observed when participants made vocal, rather than imitative, responses, indicating that the action-dominant asymmetry was not due to greater salience or discriminability of the action images than of the verbal stimuli. Therefore, these findings suggest that the human tendency to imitate is stronger than the tendency to obey verbal commands. Previous studies have indicated that irrelevant actions influence the control of movements made in response to color, spatial and symbolic cues (Sturmer et al. , 2000; Bertenthal et al. 2006; Brass et al. , 2000). The present findings show for 15 Actions speak louder than words the first time that automatic imitation effects occur, not only when the imperative stimuli bear an arbitrary or purely spatial relationship with responses, but also when they are verbal commands; that is, when the relationship between the imperative stimulus and the response is both specific and overlearned. Langton, O’Malley, Bruce (199 6, Experiment 5) used a Stroop procedure to compare the power of actions and words, but they did not examine imitative responding. Instead, they required participants to make vocal responses to directional gestures (a person pointing up, down, left and right) and to their verbal equivalents, and found symmetrical compatibility effects; irrelevant gestures affected vocal responses to words to the same extent as irrelevant words affected vocal responses to gestures. We found the same symmetrical pattern in our Vocal-Auditory group, when participants were making nonimitative responses, but a contrasting pattern, indicating action dominance, when participants were making imitative responses. Thus, comparison of the two studies i) confirms that action dominance is specific to imitation, and ii) indicates that, in the case of nonimitative vocal responding, actions and words have comparable impact both when the action stimuli are pointing gestures and when they are opening and closing hand movements. 16 Actions speak louder than words In a variant of the game ‘Simon says’, played at teatime in Victorian England, children were required to grip the tablecloth when an adult, gripping or releasing the cloth, said ‘Hold tight! ’, and to release the cloth, regardless of the adult’s action, when he said ‘Let go! . Presumably, amusement derived from the fact that, like the participants in the present experiment, children could not resist the influence of automatic imitation, and were therefore compelled flagrantly to disobey the authority of verbal command. However, the results of the present study do not merely vindicate the disobedient behav ior of Victorian children. They show that automatic imitation is much more than a parlour game, or a device that experimental psychologists can use to investigate the processes involved in stimulus-response translation. These findings show that automatic imitation is not only pervasive but also powerful. Even among healthy, typicallydeveloping adults, it is more powerful than the tendency to obey verbal commands. In this context, actions do indeed speak louder than words. 17 Actions speak louder than words References Bertenthal, B. I. , Longo, M. R. , Kosobud, A. (2006). Imitative response tendencies following observation of intransitive actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 210–225. Brass, M. , Bekkering, H. , Wohlschlager, A. , Prinz, W. 2000). Compatibility between observed and executed finger movements: comparing symbolic, spatial, and imitative cues. Brain and Cognition, 44, 124-43. Buccino, G. , Binkofski, F. , Fink, G. R. , Fadiga, L. , Fogassi, L. , Gallese, V. , Seitz, R. J. , Zilles, K. , Rizzolatti, G. , Freund, H. J. (2001). Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. European Jour nal of Neuroscience, 13, 400-404. Charman, T. , Baron-Cohen, S. (1994). Another look at imitation in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 403-413. Darwin, C. (1989). Voyage of the Beagle. London: Penguin Books. 18 Actions speak louder than words Heyes, C. M. , Ray, E. D. (2000). What is the significance of imitation in animals? Advances in the Study of Behavior, 29, 215–245. Heyes, C. M. , Bird, G. , Johnson, H. , Haggard, P. (2005). Experience modulates automatic imitation. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 233-240. Kilner, J. M. , Paulignan, Y. , Blakemore, S. J. (2003). An interference effect of observed biological movement on action. Current Biology, 13, 522–525. Lakin, J. L. , Chartrand, T. L. (2003). Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport. Psychological Science, 14, 334-339. Langton, S. R. H. , O’Malley, C. , Bruce, V. (1996). Actions speak louder than words: Symmetrical cross-modal interference effects in the processing of verbal and gestural information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1357–1375. Lhermitte, F. , Pillon, B. , Serdaru, N. (1986). Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part I: Imitation and utilization behavior: a neuropsychological study of 75 patients. Annals of Neurology, 19, 326-334. 19 Actions speak louder than words Meltzoff, A. N. Moore, M. K. (1997). Explaining facial imitation: A theoretical model. Early Development and Parenting, 6, 179-192. Ratcliff, R. (1979). Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 446–461. Simpson, A. Riggs, K. J. (2007). Under what conditions do young children have difficulty inhibiting manual actions? Developmental Psychology, 43, 417-428. Strafella, A. P. Paus, T. (2000). Modulation of cortical excitability during action observation: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroreport, 11, 22892292. Sturmer, B. , Aschersleben, G. , Prinz, W. (2000). Correspondence effects with manual gestures and postures: a study of imitation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception Performance, 26, 1746-1759. Tagliabue, M. , Zorzi, M. , Umilta, C. , Bassignani, F. (2000). The role of longterm-memory and short-term-memory links in the Simon effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception Performance, 26, 648-670. 20 Actions speak louder than words Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals (Psychological Review, Monograph Supplements, No. 8). New York: Macmillan. Wallbott, H. G. (1991). Recognition of emotion from facial expression via imitation? Some indirect evidence for an old theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 207-219. 21 Actions speak louder than words Author note AB is now at Faculte de Psychologie et des Sciences de l’Education, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. 22 Actions speak louder than words Figure caption Figure 1. RTs in compatible, neutral and incompatible trials for word-relevant (solid line) and action-relevant (broken line) task conditions. Results are presented separately for the four different participant groups: (A) ManualAuditory, (B) Vocal-Auditory, (C) Manual-Visual and (D) Vocal-Visual. Vertical bars indicate standard error of the mean. Images show compatible, neutral and incompatible stimulus compounds in action-relevant (Panel C) and word-relevant (Panel D) task conditions for the visual word modality groups (C and D). For the auditory word modality groups (A and B), words were spoken. 23 How to cite Actions Speak Louder Than Words, Essay examples

Elaine Cumming and Warren Earl Henrys Disengagement Theory free essay sample

Older people will withdraw from social contact with others * Disengage because of reduced physical health and loss of social activities * Cummings (1975) argued that older people would experience a reduction in social contact as they grow older and becoming increasingly ‘individual’ * ‘disengaging is a natural part of aging’ *   Everyone expects death, and ones abilities will likely deteriorate over time. As a result, every person will lose ties to others in his or her society. aging  is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between theaging  person and others in the social system he belongs to. Embardos disagreement.. * Said theory was discredited for many reasons * Argues that majority of older people remain socially involved with family and friends * Maybe choose to spend more time with people they are close to rather than seeking new friends * Current data from the office for national statistics supports the view that a majority of older people enjoy social networks * if people only interact with close friends does this mean they are disengaged? * Argued that older people need to disengage but * They need to remain ‘active’ in order to stop disengagement going too far * Argues that society should provide older people with activities * Society should provide them with education of how to make use of the activities * It is very important for older adults to remain mentally active and maintain an interest in life and enjoy the company of others * The theory assumes that a positive relationship between activity and  life satisfaction| M2 – case study 1 Alan is a 76 year old man who has recently lost his wife. He is completely disengaged. He does not try to socialise as he is still grieving from the loss of his wife and can’t seem to pull himself around. Firstly the social disengagement theory will affect Alan’s social development; he is disengaging himself from any social activities or communications as he is grieving. This will have a negative effect on his social and emotional development as he is not talking to people to help him feel better or to get things ‘off his chest’, keeping it all locked away. This will have a negative effect and will make him a lot worse. It may also have a negative effect on his physical or physiological development as he may be susceptible to depression. This may lead to physical harm. The argument against this theory will however have a positive effect on Alan as he will be socialising with other people, helping tae his mind off the loss of his wife. He will also be engaging in social activities keeping his mind active positively effecting his intellectual development, and again taking his mind off his loss. The argument to this theory would also have a positive effect on his physical development as he will be getting around more when joining in activities. Lastly joining these activities will reflect on Alan’s emotional development and maybe help him to cope with his loss more as he is not constantly grieving over it. Bromleys activity theory would have a positive effect on Alan’s, physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. As the theory states, older people should be provided with activities and educated on these topics, this will help Alan’s intellectual development as his mind is still active, as he is gaining knowledge about the activities given and his brain will be engaging in the activities keeping it active also. This will also have a positive effect on Alan’s physical development as he will be taking part in the activities, enabling him to get around and be more fit and active. His social development will be effected greatly also as he will be constantly communicating with a lot of different people. Lastly his emotional development will be effected as he may cope with his loss a bit more successfully, and he may also discover a hobby he has taken a liking to. Case study 2 Geena is 86 years old and struggles to move around a lot. She is very upset that her mobility isn’t as strong as it used to be, and gets emotional at times when she tries to do something independently and cannot. Although she is independent she does not like being alone. As Geena is a very independent woman, the social disengagement theory has a negative effect on her physical development as it states, she is disengaged because her restricted mobility to get around. Not only does this affect her social development, but her physical too as she is straining herself to complete tasks that are difficult for her. This also has a negative effect on her emotional development as it upsets her that she cannot complete daily things she feels she needs to do. This does not affect her intellectual development. The disagreement to this theory would not affect Geena a lot as she is not disengaged. However it would affect her intellectual development positively if she joined a social networking site, as this would build up her knowledge of technology, effecting her social life also as she may get in touch with some old friends. This will not affect her emotional or physical development. Bromleys activity theory may affect Geena’s emotional development negatively as she has restricted mobility and would not be able to join any physical activities without becoming distressed and upset. However, if she joined activities such as bingo this would positively affect her social development as she would get out more an interact with a variety of different people, it would positively affect her emotionally as she will be able to complete activities without having to move or becoming distressed and upset about it. Lastly it will positively affect her intellectually as it will be keeping her mind active while she is concentrating on her activities.

Greg Sirico Essays - McCulloch V. Maryland, , Term Papers

Greg Sirico Adv American Gov. November 14th '98 McCulloch v Maryland Can congress incorporate a bank? Can a state tax the national government? These were some of the key issues that brought up in the Supreme Court case of McCullloch v Maryland. James Madison, the judge in this case, rules in favor of the National Government. He proclaimed that it was constitutional to have a national bank, and not appropriate for Maryland to tax the bank. Now we turn the tables toward Maryland. In my reasoning I believe that Maryland can uphold their right to tax the national bank, as well as make claims of the ?necessary and proper clause? being incorrect in it's meaning. Maryland in my opinion holds very good references and ideas which lead me to believe that the national bank should never have been created, and if so created be able to have been taxed. Both points coming from the Constitution. Maryland as well as every other state in the union, has the power to tax. It is a concurrent power, which enables them (Maryland) to obtain the power to tax. The power to tax is the power to create. Since the national bank itself is in Baltimore, I believe the state, in which it is holds ground, which is Maryland, has some type of property tax upon the national bank. In this point we can see how the state government has some kind of right to tax the national bank. Moving forward, we come across the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause). It is stated in the Constitution that the government is empowered to imply this clause to issues at hand. The controversy issue is the appropriate definition for this word, necessary. However, necessary in Maryland's point of view means ?indispensable? and Madison defines it as ?convenient?. Now in this point, it is unjust to provide the national government with such power as this. If it is in fact convenient for the national government, is it convenient for us the people? The answer is no, this gives leverage to Maryland's argument that necessary should in-fact mean as is. As we can see through my, and the state of Maryland's view, the national bank should have never been created, and even if such an idea would have been about, it is still reprehensible for taxation. Maryland in my belief was correct in it's arguments, and points. Now as I conclude, I have shown you my reasons why, and have brought me to my final decision that there really is no equality between the state government and the national government. In seeing this, it is appropriate to believe that the congresses can in-fact do as they PLEASE.

buy custom Down These Mean Streets essay

buy custom Down These Mean Streets essay In his book Down These Mean Streets, Piri Thomas has managed to write his life experiences from different perspectives. In this autobiography, he describes his passage to maturity in Spanish Harlem. During his early life, Piri Thomas faced myriad challenges ranging from poverty to racism. He also suffered from drug addiction, which probably influenced his behavior. Owing to the life experiences of Piri Thomas, some individuals may regard him as a leader. In my view, Piri Thomas was not a leader due to the following reasons. While living in Harlem, Piri developed a violent behavior, and he also became hot tempered. His personality flaws greatly impacted on his social life. Piri did not demonstrate leadership whenever he encountered challenges, beause he would get annoyed and solve his problems through violence. He acted in this manner in several instances, which can be discussed as follows. First, during Piris early education, he never respected his teachers. For instance, he once hit a female teacher for denying him the chance to go to the bathroom. Therefore, his quick-temper indicates that he his poor at decision making, and he cannot solve his challenges peacefully(Thomas 144). In another incident, Piri failed to solve his differences with his girlfriend. After attending a party, he had a verbal fight with his girlfriend. In this case, he got annoyed and punched a window. He sustained injuries on his fist, which led to his admission in hospital. At the age of twenty two years, Piri became extremely aggressive to an extent that he started conducted robberies. In one robbery incident, he conspired with two individuals to raid a night club. During the robbery, Piri was shot by a police officer. Instead of surrendering, he shot back at the police, and this earned him a long jail term. He was incarcerated for fifteen years. Conclusion Piris violence can be regarded as a personality flaw. Nonetheless, he failed in leadership because his personality weaknesses affected other individuals around him, including his family members. His quick-temper jeopardized his life, and he could not achieve his goals. Therefore, Piri Thomas was not a leader. Buy custom "Down These Mean Streets" essay

Microbiology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microbiology - Lab Report Example respectively. Introduction: Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature. They are beneficial and harmful to the human beings and animals. Bacteria are present in the food. Probiotics supplements contain specific strains of bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria to increase the gut flora. Beneficial bacteria are present in the food and produce many important biological molecules. In the mozzarella cheese, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are present. Camembert cheese contains lactococcus and penicillium species are present. (Waites et al. 2009). Bacteria can be differentiated based on the enzymes secreted by them. Some enzymes are secreted out by the micro organisms enabling simple biochemical tests. The major exo enzymes present in bacteria are amylases, caseinase, gelatinase (hydrolytic enzymes), oxidase and catalase. (Gunasekaran 2007). Since most of the exoenzymes are hydrolytic enzymes which break down complex substances into simpler molecules, they are us ed as identifiers for the bacteria. (Sharma 2007). Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water and oxidase oxidizes dichlorophenol indophenols from colorless to blue or red. (Benson 2001). The microorganisms present in the given samples can be isolated using the serial dilution technique and plated in the culture medium. The organisms are either gram positive or gram negative. The results obtained from the biochemical tests are used for the identification of the bacteria up to the genus level. (Reed et al. 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is identified as the number of colony forming units. Colony forming units are then used to identify the number of bacteria present in the given diluted sample (Reed et al, 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is calculated using the formula: Number of cells per gram = (Number of colonies (CFUs)) / (dilution x amount plated). The main objectives of this study are 1. Isolation of individual colonies from the given Probiotics, mozzarella cheese and camembert cheese samples. 2. Identification of the bacteria present in the given samples using the biochemical tests. Results: Table 1: food type and the morphological characteristics: Food type characteristics Probiotics 10-6 Circular, cream, raised and undulate Camembert 10-5 Pink, circular, convex and entire Camembert 10-4 Cream, punkiform , entire and convex Mozzarella 10-4 Brown, entire , circular Table 2: Colony count data Sample x10-3 x10-4 x10-5 x10-6 x10-7 probiotic - Greater than 300 Greater than 300 246 - Final count - 3 x 10^8 CFU / ml 3 x 10^9 CFU / ml 2.49 x 10^9 CFU / ml - Camembert 210 104 44 - - Final count 2.1 x 10^6 CFU /g 1.04 x 10^7 CFU / g 4.4 x 10^6 CFU / g - - Mozzarella 3 1 0 - - Final count 3 x 10^4 CFU / g 1x 10^5 CFU / g - - - Figure 1: The number of cells present in the given samples versus the dilution factor: Sample Colony characteristics Food characteristics Catalase Oxidase Gram stain String t est Agglutination Probiotics 10-6 Soured , acidic Circular, cream, raised and undulate x x Positive (blue colored rod shaped cells) v X ( no agglutination was formed ) Probiotics 10-5, Soured , acidic C

The Financial benefits of employee training and development Essay

The Financial benefits of employee training and development - Essay Example Additionally, the turnover also affects the profit maximization tendencies in the organization. The labor turnover can be reduced by ensuring employee stability and decreasing the entry and exit of employees. Training and development of the employees decreases the labor turnover rates. It will make sure that human resource department has a constant rate of hiring and firing. Training the employees will reduce the chances of firing since they will be competent in their jobs. Additionally, the development process will prevent employee productivity. Investing in the present employees will cause the firm to reduce the turnover. It will include hiring professionals who ensure perfection in their work. As a result, providing practical and theoretical training to professionals is advantageous to the firm in terms of cost and employee comprehension levels. For example, when an organization hires professional, the knowledge provided to them during training will be used to firms advantage. The vetting processes should be strict to ensure the division of labor. Additionally, the specialization helps in the training processes because experts can be hired based on the various divisions of labor (Saks, Robert and Jack 51). Training and development will ensure the employees are coached and equipped with current market trends. The employees can socialize and form groups at the workplace; hence, increasing the productivity and reducing labor turnover. Training emphasizes on extra skills in specific job descriptions. The expertise, on the other hand, will increase self-confidence in the employees helping them in handling the allocated roles. As a result, the human resource department will be satisfied with the current labor and eliminate cases of employee exits that may cause a firm extra resource. Development will have an impact on the professionalism of

IT and Strategic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT and Strategic Systems - Essay Example It is imperative to note that when BPR takes place, various aspects including the vision and goals of the organization may be redesigned and redeveloped. Hence, the deep changes that are experienced at various organizations may be uncomfortable in some instances and pose a lot of threats to the company. Conversely, BPM is considered as being extremely flexible in nature as it mainly emphasizes on one or more processes at a specific time through automating them in order to ensure they become simpler (Tomkowicz, 2007). In essence, this process is not risky or costly to execute. The two processes are associated with various advantages as well as shortcomings, for instance, BPM greatly contributes to the satisfaction of the customers through immediately addressing it while the BPR is concerned with studying the processes in the organization from the beginning and eliminating the processes that may act as hurdles to the growth of the company. In the event that these processes become extremely slow and the desired outcomes cannot be achieved, BPR is employed to make the processes

The Supporting People Programme And Housing Problems Social Work Essay

The Supporting People Programme And Housing Problems Social Work Essay This essay examines the Supporting People programme, a scheme introduced on 1st April 2003 with the aim of addressing the housing needs of societys most vulnerable individuals (Supporting People, 2009). Firstly, the programme will be described, followed by a focus on how it actively seeks to involve individuals with disabilities and complex health and support needs to be involved in their support and care arrangements. The Supporting People programme is a decentralised programme delivered through 152 authorities and by voluntary, community, and housing associations. At any one time, the programme can be supporting as many as one million people from a range of disadvantaged groups. Service users include older people, the homeless, those with mental health issues, and women at risk of domestic violence. The Supporting People Quality Assessment Framework (QAF) agreed a new core objective that would focus on service user involvement and empowerment. This objective is aimed at cutting across all core objectives and involves a commitment to supporting independence, informed choice, consulting with service users, and offering opportunities to be involved in the running of the Supporting People services. Some of the service user involvement initiatives currently underway are discussed throughout this essay. Sitra, a registered charity offering policy, training and consultancy for housing with care and support, are a charity who are working closely with central government and national bodies to ensure that the views and perspectives of the sector, and the vulnerable people that it supports are represented and understood (Sitra, 2011a, p.1). In their efforts to achieve this, they have introduced the concept of partnership working between organisations and service users. Partnership working is aimed at involving and empowering people in improving services and the experience of using them. This actively supports the governments Personalisation Agenda, which places a huge emphasis on the inclusion of service users in the design and delivery of services (Dickinson and Glasby, 2010). Sitra also run two training courses in client involvement, which are co-produced and co-delivered by staff and service users. One of the training programmes is entitled Client Engagement: Getting the Thinking Right (Sitra 2011b). This course is designed to challenge organisations to find new ways of working that encourage and actively seek to involve service users. A second training program, entitled Client Engagement: Making it a Reality, emphasises how the way staff communicate, listen, gather feedback and involve service users has an impact on service user involvement (Sitra, 2011c). Through such training programmes, organisations are provided with ideas and models for service user involvement. At a local level, Westminster have been involving service users in their support and care arrangements via the Mental Health Service Users Panel (Supporting People, 2007). The panel comprises a group of service users who work with the council in the planning and development of present and future housing projects to meet the needs of local people. Initiatives such as this one directly support the Tenants Services Authority (TSA), which has highlighted service user participation as a key component for Registered Social Landlords (TSA, 2008). Indeed, under the Supporting People Quality Assessment Framework (QAF) housing related support and care providers are now required to place service users at the centre of their strategic plans in efforts to demonstrate quality service provision and achieve level A standard (i.e. evidenced examples where no standards score C). Even to achieve level C (minimum required standard), providers need to demonstrate that they have fully engaged with service users (TSA, 2010). Another local initiative demonstrating how the Supporting People programme has been working towards service user involvement is NOAH Enterprise (Gill, 2010). NOAH Enterprise is a charity based in Luton (Bedfordshire) designed to help people who are homeless or contending with issues around exclusion. Service user involvement is claimed to be an integral part of the way of life at NOAH Enterprise, with examples being that service users are involved in helping in their Welfare Centre or at retail outlets. There is also the opportunity to learn transferable skills in workshops, thus empowering service users towards independence. Every volunteer and service user who helps NOAH Enterprise over a 3-month period receives a certificate of achievement, thus demonstrating the active encouragement of service user involvement. There are also a number of events that have been organised around client involvement, including a client involvement conference to be held in mid-2011 (Sitra, 2011c). This conference has been co-organised by staff and service users, demonstrating new ways of working together in partnership being put into practice. A similar conference was held in January 2010, which included participation and presentations from both staff and service users. One problem confronted by the Supporting People programme in their service user involvement efforts has been lack of support from some tenants, especially in sheltered accommodation (Audit Commission, 2009). However, regular audits conducted since the inception of the Supporting People programme have primarily highlights the benefits of these service user involvement initiatives. Such benefits include improvements in tailored support through active service user involvement (Audit commission 2005). The Audit Commission report that the Supporting People approach to service user inclusion and staff and service user partnership has helped move many providers from a more paternalistic approach to one where service users are able to influence services. Furthermore, increased service user involvement was a key feature of those authorities who received higher inspection scores. Such findings are supported by an evaluation conducted by Cameron et al. (2007) that found that integrating service s to support people with complex needs is most effective when the service is determined by the characteristics of the service user. References Audit Commission., 2009. Supporting People Programme 2005-2009. [online]. Available from: http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Downloads/spprogramme200509acfinalreportclg.pdf [cited 03 April 2011]. Cameron, A., et al., 2007. The challenges of joint working: lessons from the Supporting People health pilot evaluation. International Journal of Integrated Care, 7, 1-9. Dickinson, H. and Glasby, J., 2010. Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper 30 The personalisation agenda: implications for the third sector. [online]. Available from: http://www.tsrc.ac.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=U8tazrnMZ%2Bs%3Dtabid=500 [cited 03 April 2011]. Gill, S., 2010. Positive outcomes and service user involvement. Bulletin. NOAH Enterprise. Sitra., 2011a. [online]. Policy and public affairs. [online]. Available from: http://www.sitra.org.uk/policy_and_public_affairs/ [cited 03 April 2011]. Sitra., 2011b. Client engagement: getting the thinking right [online]. Available from: http://www.sitra.org/1230/ [cited 03 April 2011]. Sitra., 2011c. Client involvement in housing support and care: Sharing and learning good practice. [online]. Available from: http://www.sitra.org/client_involvement_conference/ [cited 03 April 2011]. Supporting People, 2007. Supporting people newsletter. [online]. http://www3.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/Supporting%20People_V6.pdf [cited 03 April 2011]. Supporting People, 2009. The Supporting People Programme. Thirteenth Report of Session 2008-09 Volume I, House of Commons Communities and Local Government Committee. London: The Stationery Office Limited. Tenant Services Authority (TSA), 2010. Quality Assessment Framework (QAF) Regulatory framework for social housing in England from April 2010. [online]. Available from: http://www.tenantservicesauthority.org/server/show/ConWebDoc.20175 [cited 03 April 2011]. Tenant Services Authority (TSA), 2008. Regulatory guidance for registered social landlords. [online]. Available from: http://www.tenantservicesauthority.org/server/show/ConWebDoc.15355 [cited 03 April 2011].

The Stranger Essay -- Literary Analysis, Albert Camus

Albert Camus creates a series of characters in The Stranger whose personality traits and motivations mirror those that are overlooked by the average man. Camus develops various characters and scenarios that are considered rude and unpleasant, but because it has become common, society accepts it as norms. Camus incorporates atrocious personality traits of the characters, variety, consistency, and everyone’s fate through the creation of the characters. Camus demonstrates the disregarded reason behind the origins of relationships between people to characterize people as selfish. The relationship between Salamano and his dog displays how Salamano as self-centered. When Meursault mentions, â€Å"He hadn’t been happy with his wife, but he’d pretty much gotten used to her. When she died he had been very lonely. So he asked a shop buddy for a dog and he’d gotten this one very young† (Camus, 44), the inconsideration is displayed. This evidence proves the wife’s lack of importance towards Salamano, but along with time, he adapted to her, just like he did with the dog. After her death, he became lonely which supports the reason for him getting the dog. Not to love the dog, but instead to put an end to his loneliness. Another source of selfishness is shown through the relationship between Marie and Meursault. Meursault’s lack of communication and the excess amount of physical contact desired and rec eived is displayed by Meursault in the reference, â€Å"I kissed her. We didn’t say anything more from that point on. I held her to me † (35). The textual support confirms that Meursault’s purpose with Marie, for her physical appearance and not her personality. The relationship between Meursault and Raymond displays another representation of a person being... ...ity. He agrees and accepts the fact that no matter how we live our lives, we are all destined to die one day. Our actions can only speed up death or slow death down, but nothing can ever stop death from reaching you. Meursault, â€Å"the stranger† for his uniqueness, also believes that one receives privilege to die and that occurs when one becomes free. In Meursault’s perspective, dying represents a positive action rather than a negative one. The characters in The Stranger contain a self-definition which can reflect to the traits of common people. In everyday life, there are always people who are selfish, those who include change and variety in their lives, those that stay consistent to their morals, and those who are certain of reality; however, since a profuse amount of people encompass those qualities, civilization judges those qualities as standard and typical.

As I See Myself (Descriptive Essay)

AS I SEE IT My name is Katrina but I prefer to be called as Kat. At my current young stage, I have an average height of five feet, three inches however I weigh heavier than any other girls of my age. By nationality and by blood, I am a Filipino. I have had dark straight hair which is already dyed with golden blonde, brown eyes which I genetically inherited from my mother, a short nose, small gleaming teeth, full lips, tiny dimples and a round face which I am teased a lot by many people as well as my big fat arms.Nevertheless, I am proud of having a fair skin; long thick hair just like of a commercial model as what my sister would say; and long solid legs. So, I usually wear not-so-short shorts and skirts paired with t-shirts and flats. Like many girls, I like to dress up but then I don’t really have many clothes to dress up with so I end up with the basics. I also like my hair loose and undone because I like better messy hair, in a structured way and in a way to conceal my hug e face. I used to be very shy and introvert when I was little.I don’t talk unless someone starts a conversation and sometimes I don’t ask questions to keep the discussion going. But now, I develop some confidence and courage to express my thoughts and feelings; I feel more comfortable when I’m alone with someone I’m not used to be with; and I can already look straight to their eyes. I am an ineffective liar. When I start to lie, I tend to laugh. The more I try to get serious, the more I easily burst out into laughter and normally, I can’t keep eye contacts with them.I am also an ineffective joker because frequently I end up laughing first before I could tell my joke. That’s me, making most of my time happy and laughing because I love what it brings me and I love hearing the sound of glee. But sometimes, a different me comes out particularly when I am treated impolitely and when I am force to wake up. Then again, I come back to my usual self once I’ve realized I’m being mean. I am also a person who likes to try new things or should I say adventurous and risk-taker which are the traits I get from my father.When it comes to this, I behave surprisingly energetic and enthusiastic. I can also be lazy at times especially when I don’t like what I’m supposed to do otherwise, I voluntarily do things in the best way I can. I was born a very grumpy girl indeed. What’s more, I am a very ambitious person. Ten years from now, I could see myself as a successful and refined CPA having established my own business, a house that I designed myself since I also dream to be an interior designer and cars that I never thought I would have.I intend to continue my profession, enhance my skills and to be a good public servant too. Given that I am an adventurous person, I could also see myself as a wanderer who travels to the most wonderful and romantic places in the world just as I would picture in my mind every single day. As well as a loving wife and mother nurturing her wonderful family. I know gaining these things are hard to achieve that is why I plan on working harder in the present for a better future.

MGMT 305 Example

MGMT 305 Example MGMT 305 – Case Study Example High Noon at Alpha Mills Performance at Alpha Company would have improved just with a little push of the ream dynamics and not total reorganization. The changes brought about by Davison were really good and would have yielded an increase in performance but Davison in his plan formulation and implementation failed to take into account team dynamics. Team dynamics as explained by McShane and Mary (2012) are very important in an organization the prides itself in working in teams. The teams share everything in terms of commonality and goals and hence they stick together even when situations become rough to endure. What Davison should have done in his analysis of the causes of poor performance in the organization would have been to incorporate the views and decisions of the workers. They are the ones performing the work and hence would have insight as to the problem and even offer solutions to the organization. This team right from the workers to the assistant supervisors saw Ang as not o nly their manager but as their role model and even hero to some extent. He dealt with all their problems, interacted with them on a more personal basis that just a superior and had almost been present from the time all of them were hired. His knowledge of the running of the company and the workers is what made them believe and trust his opinion and decisions. His removal was therefore the end straw to it and just as a team accepts defeat as a whole, the whole team in Alpha accepted defeat once Ang left. Work CitedMcShane, Steven and Mary Von Glinow. Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2012.

White Bengal Tiger essays

White Bengal Tiger essays The White Bengal Tiger, also known by its scientific name of Leo Tigris, is a very large animal that is currently on the endangered species list. White Bengal Tigers can grow up to 10 feet long and weigh between 400 and 575 pounds. The tigers live in many different habitats and prey on many different types of food. The White Bengal Tiger usually lives in groups of six or less but have been known to travel in pacts of up to 20 tigers. The White Bengal Tiger is known to live in many different types of habitats. Some habitats in which they are known to live is dense forest, grasslands and rain forests. The tigers like the forest habitat due to the ample cover for its secretive methods of hunting. The grassland habitat is a choice for the tigers because there is a wide choice of food for them to choose from. The White Bengal Tiger has many different types of foods it likes to eat. They hunt and eat wild deer, cattle and pigs along with frogs, antelopes, jungle bison, young elephants, wild boar, moose, Indian buffalo, rhinoceros, crabs, turtles, fish, lizards, small birds, locusts, fish, and carrion. Due to the White Bengal Tigers enormous size, it is not uncommon for them to eat up anywhere from 40 to 80 pounds of food at a single meal. The tigers usually hunt and kill its prey twice a week and that is all until the next week. The determination of the tigers is incredible. Sometimes a tiger chases 20 different animals before the tiger finally catches its prey. A tiger that has young cubs is even more determined so she may catch one out of every five animals chased. The White Bengal Tiger is not the fastest animal only being able to run at its top speed for roughly 33 yards but its jumping capabilities supersede all else due to the White Bengal Tiger being able to leap a whopping 30 fe et. The White Bengal Tiger is white in color and therefore often has a hard time blending in with its natural su ...

Reflection in this connected world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 214

Reflection in this connected world - Essay Example People are able to chat and get instant feedback from their friends and relatives. However, technology poses some challenges to the society. The youth and adolescent are more affected as they are obsessed with computers and spend most of their time socializing and interacting with friends. They fail to manage their time effectively and the outcome is that they have nothing constructive to show at the end of the day. They are so attracted to social media that they abandon other forms of recreation like sports, mountain climbing, and creative arts. To curb this, college students should participate in the various activities provided by their schools like joining clubs and music festivals. By doing this, they create an opportunity to have face-to-face communication with the other students. Moreover, they can learn from each other experiences. For example, while in college I was taught on the basics of reading and understanding poems and the different types of poems but in college I was m ade to understand the purpose of the poem and the deeper meaning of it. Human beings need to take time and reflect on their lives and it is important to have some reflection in this connected world. For example, when in college, I used to wonder why my parents were so strict on me. I had to borrow permission before leaving the house and had to come back to the house by latest 6pm. I now know through reflection that they had a good reason for being tough on me. They wanted a responsible and disciplined daughter who could take charge and be accountable for everything she did. According to Fr. Nicholas, imagination is a process of going deeper to the depth of reality to recreate it. It is possible to imagine through the mind different sensations and images. While sending information through the different social media platforms, people receive information instantly and it is spread very fast without reflecting about the message.  

Gap Case Study- Analysis current strategy Essay

Gap Case Study- Analysis current strategy - Essay Example 45). The demographic trend include factors like the number of target consumers, age mix, distribution of people across target geographical areas, population composition by ethnicity and trends in income within target market. These factors have significantly remained constant for the industry, except income distribution that could have been caused by the economic recession in the year 2009. The industry’s target market that defines its geographical environment is also global due to regional and international trade. Its economic environment is however variable and depends on factors such as interest rates, inflation rates and recession (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008; Thompson and Strickland, 2009). The industry is also significantly influenced by political factors that include legal systems and governmental agencies that protect consumer interests and include legislations and regulatory bodies and sociological and cultural factors such as general attitudes, health concerns, and cultural beliefs among the target market that significantly affect the industry and are particularly influenced by morality, taste, and preferences. Industrial operations’ dependence on technology for production and marketing also identifies technological trend as a factor to the family clothing industry’s environment besides globalization that facilitates international competition (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008). Porter’s analysis of the industry’s competitive forces The industry operates in a free competitive market. Its competitive forces can be explored through the Porter’s approach of that identifies â€Å"threats of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, competitors, bargaining power of buyers and threats of substitute products or services† (Henry, 2008, p. 71). Threats to new entrants into the industry are weak because of the nature of the industry that includes established participants with consumers’ retention s trategies. One of the factors that make it difficult for new entrants is the branding strategy that key players have adopted. With five major firms in control of the market and their established branding efforts, consumers have developed preferences and are reluctant to try products from new firms. As a result, inability to penetrate the market discourages potential new entrepreneurs and those that venture into the industry do not exert significant pressure on existing market players, especially the major players. The small profit margin factor in the industry that requires economies of scale for sufficient profitability is another factor that regulates potential new entrants into the industry, as small-scale ventures are largely unprofitable and new firms finds it difficult to command a large percentage of the market. Developed preferences through branding also ensures consumers strictness on supply chains or outlets from which they acquire brand commodities, as new channels and ou tlets are treated with suspicion. This preserves existing participants’ position in the industry (Thompson and Strickland, 2009; Henry, 2008). Buyers bargaining power is another factor in the Porter’s forces model. It defines the collective ability of a group of buyers or a single buyer to dictate relations with an enterprise in sales terms such as prices and other terms and

Introduction to Quality Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Introduction to Quality Assurance - Essay Example It is also responsible for coordinating and monitoring access to care, developing programs, and evaluating the quality of healthcare services in accordance with guidelines from the Department of Defense, Lead Agent, Regional 12, and Health Affairs. Specialist Referrals– The Primary Care Physician (PCP) may request a consultation from a participating specialist physician at any time.  The PCP determines the number of visits authorized.  Specialists may include – Gynecologist, Radiation Oncologists, Ophthalmologists, Pediatric Ophthalmologists, Retinologists and Allergists etc. Emergency Room Services –An emergency medical condition is defined as a condition that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain) that a prudent layperson with an average knowledge of health and medicine could reasonably expect the absence of immediate medical attention to result in any of the following: Out-of-Plan Referrals– All out-of-Plan referrals require Plan prior authorization at Guam.   These requests are reviewed on an individual basis.   Determinations are made based on the patients medical needs and the availability of services to meet these needs within the provider. Tertiary Care Services– All referrals to plan tertiary care centers are reviewed on an individual basis.  The members medical needs and the availability of requested services within the non-tertiary care network are taken into consideration. Discharge Planning – Patients who require continuing care after release from the hospital are identified and the appropriate services are arranged through participating home care, medical equipment and other providers. The facility’s Utilization Management Program may need continued review on a periodic basis in order to keep it on par with the model Utilization Management Program as described by the HealthCare Advisory Council. In keeping with these lines, the program is

The French Revolution Essay Example for Free

The French Revolution Essay The French Revolution signaled the end of the monarchy as a form of government in France. From the ousting, trial and execution of Louis XVI, it appalled all of the European nations and got them thinking how to prevent it. This work aims to gain perspective and give fruitful insight on this unfortunate monarch. The revolution was fueled mainly by basic necessity: food. Bread shortages were a normal occurrence and the government appeared to be helpless to solve it. Compounding the issue was the royal treasury was almost depleted and the king and his court were living in opulence. A lot of things could have gone differently. â€Å"Louis also had a strong desire to be loved by his people and considered himself to be their benevolent father. This idea was almost certainly a factor in explaining why Louis did not simply crush the French Revolution in its early years. While the opportunity certainly presented itself, Louis simply did not have the stomach for it. †1 Benevolence might have its uses but remember the age old adage, â€Å"Spare the rod and spoil the child. † A father needs to be both stern and loving in raising children in order to differentiate right from wrong. The king in general appeared to be a simple man. â€Å"This was not for lack of education: he was the first French monarch who spoke fluent English, and nourished philosophers of the Enlightenment. He sought to divorce himself from the royally authoritarian image of Louis XIV. To do this, he tried to develop an image for himself as a simple man, an image more in keeping with that of the enlightened despots of Europe, like Frederick II of Prussia. †2 In keeping with his goal for simplicity then he should not have publicized the lavishness of his parties in Versailles. These are some facets we can consider and debate but the fact of the matter is that it could have been avoided. Although there were so many variables which could have changed the outcome, there were signals like the desire for a new constitution and assemblage or the women’s march on Versailles. Things could have been handled differently like preparing a feast for the women’s march or moving court to Paris instead of appearing to be forced after numerous demands. We need to keep an eye out for the warning signs and focus on prevention. Reference List 1. Andress, David (2006). The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France page 13. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006. ISBN 0-374-27341-3 2. Article on Louis XVI from Wikipedia (2008) retrieved 10 March 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Louis_XVI

Microsoft Sharepoint Literature Review Computer Science Essay

Microsoft Sharepoint Literature Review Computer Science Essay In this chapter, the author will do research on the literature review on Microsoft SharePoint Service 3.0, Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway, and Microsoft Forefront Security for Document Libraries. In this chapter the author will discuss about the overview, pros and cons for the software had listed. 1.2 Overview of Microsoft SharePoint Microsoft SharePoint is developing by Microsoft to use for manages the information and allows users to work in a web-based collaborative software. The Microsoft SharePoint actually got a lot of feature example like manage information, share files, customize and work with office applications. Now in the market normally user will use got two versions, one is Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and another is Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS). By these two versions has introduced a lot of new features and technologies compared with the previous version Microsoft SharePoint Services 2.0, these two version not only add new features and also increase the productivity, reliability, manageability, and security for the Microsoft SharePoint product. The Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) can only running on Windows Server. For this project, the author has chosen Windows Server 2008 to become the main operating system plat form because the new Windows Server 2008 has improved capabilities of the management, security, reliability, and the performance of the web application. For the most improvement center of the Windows Server 2008 are in the system tools of the Internet Information Services (IIS) 7.0, Windows PowerShell, and the Virtualization with Windows Server Hyper-V. The Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and the Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 got a lot of different. Those different got some feature Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) got but the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) dont have. The details of the different between Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) will be discussed on the later chapter. 1.2.1 Comparison of Microsoft SharePoint version Microsoft SharePoint had released few versions for this product. There are some different improvements between few of them. The author had decided to do some comparison between the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007. In this comparison, the author will do all the comparison about those new things and features by these two Microsoft SharePoint versions. 1.2.1.1 Collaboration The collaboration of the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) actually is the same dont have the big different and all the feature of collaboration is help to team of member to keep in touch and easy to use to the all team members. If the team member easy to connected and easy to provide access to the people, document and all those information it will can be more informed decision to get all those job done. The main features of the collaboration actually got 12. In these 12 got included the Issue tracking, document collaboration, surveys, task coordination, email integration, calendars, people and groups lists, blogs, wikis, standard site templates, real-time presence and communication, and the last one is social networking web part. For the last main features is most important one, because in this feature is to use about your organization, communities and electronic communications in the website to connection between colleagues or team member so at the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) is dont have this feature compare to the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS). 1.2.1.2 Enterprise Portal As the author see from the name of the enterprise portal can know the feature is for enterprise use, so will got many feature Microsoft SharePoint Service 3.0 (WSS) dont have but the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) will got. The enterprise portal is talk about the designing, deploying, and the managing enterprise intranet network and the extranet network. First of all, author would like to show is both Microsoft SharePoint versions also got those features first. Both Microsoft SharePoint versions got those features got mobile device support, integration with Microsoft Access 2007/ Excel 2007/ Word 2007/ Outlook 2007, and the last one is integration with SharePoint Designer. Now the author would like to show those features Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) dont have but the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) got this kind of features. The first is my personal site, the personal site is to aggregate all those information and the enhancement about this feature is all at the privacy, social networking, and the documents roll up web part. For the feature of content syndication is using the RSS to syndicate content managed, the audience targeting feature is to use the web part pages to content the target distribution lists and groups in addition to SharePoint audiences. The feature of colleagues and memberships web parts is to li st down all the people to let those user know who belong to which groups, the feature of portal site templates is to customization, deployment all those intranet portal sites and extranet portal sites. For the site feature got two, first is site directory and another is site manager. The site directory it will automatic create a site map and present to a easy format to use it, and the site manager is to manage the SharePoint sites security access, navigation and the general look to easy to use it. For the last two features of enterprise portal are privacy and security, and user profiles and profile store. The privacy and security is using some authorization to control who can view my some information in my site. The last one is user profile and the profile store; for this feature is improvement include security control and the multi-valued properties bound to taxonomy from Office SharePoint Server 2007. 1.2.1.3 Enterprise Search Enterprise Search is can say is a powerful tools to let all the member to finish their job by using enterprise search to search all information there want. For the last time need a lot of time to find out all the information, go here go there to find out. But now just using the enterprise search already can search all those information you want cross the entire desktop search with the fast intranet searching capabilities, and most anywhere in your organization. For this tool only got two features is available for Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS), why just got two features is available for Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS)? Because the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) is not suitable for enterprise use so just will got normal function for this version. The normal function for Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) got User Interface and Search Result, as we can see the name of the feature already know the function and how to use it, so now the author would like to show the 7 different features between Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) dont have. For the 7 features got Enterprise Content Sources, Relevance, Administration and Management, Indexing Controls, Security, People Search, and the last one is Business Date Search. The feature of Enterprise Content Sources is can scan over 200 types of file a cross many enterprise content sources including all the website, SharePoint site, or the Exchange Public Folder. Anoth er feature is Security, got this feature is no longer required crawler to the administrator permissions, the security-trimmed search results only allow user to see those content they are allow to access. For the Business Data Search is using the Business Data Catalog application as a search result in a SharePoint list. The People search capabilities not just search on different group or job is also can search based on their interest or expertise. The Administration and Management feature is do a lot of improvement, those improvements got like various search, indexing scenarios and central controls for all this is a tools for easy to manage and report. For the Indexing Controls is to easy to control the Granualr and the exclusion of searched content and direct remove all the result of any site or thing. For the last is Relevance is improved about the search algorithms to extraction the best result for the enterprise content. 1.2.1.4 Enterprise Content Management For a good enterprise it will think about how to improved customer communications and increased process efficiency, so normally enterprise will use Enterprise Content Management to organization all those unstructured content includes email, document, web pages and video. For this Enterprise Content Management feature also will at Microsoft SharePoint, so those enterprises would like to organization those unstructured it can use Microsoft SharePoint to easily extend content management to every information worker in an organization. The Enterprise Content Management at Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) only got one feature is functioning. The functioning feature is Document Information Panel, this feature is work like to edit the document properties of Microsoft Office system documents an integral part of the creative experience. Now the author would like to show is about Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) got those feature but the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) dont have it. For the Microsoft SharePoint Service 3.0 (WSS) dont have those features got about 18 features. Those 18 features are included Business Document Workflow Support, Document Management Site Templates, Integration with Microsoft Information Rights Management (IRM), Document Action Bar, Retention and Auditing Policies, Records Repository, E-mail Content as Records, Legal Holds, High Fidelity Websites with Consistent Branding, Navigation Controls, Content Authoring, Content Publishing and Deployment, Site Templates, Page Layouts, Site Variations, Web content Editor, Slide Libraries, and the last one is Policies, Auditing and Compliance. For all those features actually are to do those customize document and all the content. 1.2.1.5 Business Process Forms The comparison of Business Process Forms between the Microsoft SharePoint Service 3.0 (WSS) and the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) all the feature are not available on the SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) because normally the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) is for those small companies to use it so is no need the Business Process Form tool. On the Business Process Forms got 6 features, all included Browser-Based Forms, Centralized Forms Management and Control, Design Once Development Model, Form Import Wizard, Integrated Deployment Model for No-code Forms, and the last one is Compatibility Checker. For the Business Process Forms on the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) is provide a built-in automatic approval of workflow templates, review and archiving process, and also can create, maintain and analyze workflow to simplify your enterprise. The Business Process Form can also collect all those verify from the Microsoft Office client application, if the right to use this information every day. 1.2.1.6 Business Intelligence This Business Intelligence actually is same as Business Process Form at Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 is dont have any feature to use it. But for the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) is not same because SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) got 11 features to use it. The Business Intelligence is included Integrated, Flexible Spreadsheet Publishing, Share/ Manage/ and Control Spreadsheets, Web-based Business Intelligence Using Excel Services, Data Connection Libraries, Business Data Catalog, Business Data Web Parts, Business Data Actions, Integrated Business Intelligence Dashboards, Report Center, Key Performance indicators, and the last one is Filter Web Parts. The Business Intelligence on the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) is providing an infrastructure to the decision makers to easy access all those information at anywhere and anytime. Business Intelligence not just for decision maker is also can help worker to keep update information, whether is on the desktop or over the web site. 1.2.1.7 Management The Management tool on the both version is fully available to use it, because Management tool is basic thing to management object model, administration rights, re-parenting, provision the core component of SharePoint, and the last one is the usage analytics. For the feature of the Management got 6 included Configuration Management, Administration User Interface, Delegation, Re-Parenting, Provisioning, and Usage Analytics. 1.2.1.8 Platform For the Platform of the Microsoft SharePoint can separate to 5 categories. The 5 categories got storage, security, management, deployment, site model, and the extensibility. In all this 5 categories totally got 57 features on the Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS) but for the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) got 51 features. For the 6 feature is not available on Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WS) included Notification Service, Extensibility and Programmability of Search, Excel Spreadsheet Developer Reuse and Extensibility, LDAP Pluggable Authentication Provider, Single Sign-On (SSO), and the last one is the Inteoperand Integration. The Notification Service is to can customizable the alert to the user with automatically and without subscribing in advance, the Extensibility and Programmability of Search is for comprehensive access to Microsoft Search feature. For the Excel Spreadsheet Developer Reuse and Extensibility is to do access to more secure when using web servic es. For the features of LDAP Pluggable Authentication Provide and Single Sign-On (SSO) is actually about the security and authentication when using the Microsoft SharePoint. The last feature is not available on Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) is Inteoperand Integration, the Inteoperand Integration actually is those XML Support, SOAP Support, Web Services, Open API and Object Model and WSRP. 1.3 What are document libraries? Document Libraries is based on Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 to collection all the document to share for everyone. Most likely the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0s document feature is going through to the document libraries. As part of document management planning should determine the best part for the document libraries organizations needs. For the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 got two type of document libraries included Document Library and Picture Library. The Document Library is for the general document storage, the Picture Library is for picture storage to share or manage the picture and reuse digital picture. (Plan document libraries (Windows SharePoint Services), 2006) 1.4 Pros and Cons about using Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0(WSS) In this topic the author will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages using Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS). 1.4.1 Pros about using Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0(WSS) With providing the new features by Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS), a company or business can get a lot of benefits on it. The benefits can be separate to 4 types included easy, security, efficiency, and save cost. 1.4.1.1 Easy Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) is providing the easy to use collaborative tools to create organization document, receive notification, blog, and wiki to let people connecting with the resource and information they need. This benefit also including easy managing and easy to scale. 1.4.1.2 Security The Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) bring the benefit of security is about the advanced administrative control, for this advanced administrative control will increase the security of information resources and will better control all about the site memberships, permission, and storage limit. 1.4.1.3 Efficiency The Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) is easy to use to will bring out another benefit. Another benefit is efficiency, all because easy to use so will get users up to speed quickly. 1.4.1.4 Save Cost For the SharePoint product, the Microsoft SharePoint Service is free of charge and the Microsoft SharePoint Server with five client access license already US dollar thousand something, if want more to add more is also need to charge more and if want to buy the license for external connector license for one server is about $30,000 so is very expensive if compare with the Microsoft SharePoint Services. 1.4.2 Cons about using Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) The Cons about using Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) is not suitable for using in business company because in SharePoint Services product is do not have any feature for business if compare with Microsoft SharePoint Server 2007 (MOSS). The Microsoft SharePoint Server got the entire feature about the business process forms and business Intelligence so SharePoint Server is more suitable for Business Company. (SolutionBase: Understanding the differences between SharePoint Portal Server and the Windows SharePoint Services, 2005) 1.5Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway (TMG) Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway (TMG) is a new firewall system to ensure all the unwanted traffic or unknown users from the internet kept it out of an organizations network. Forefront TMG not just use for external network is also can to use in internal network to provide internal users with selective access to internet resource and internet users with selective access to internal resources. Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway (TMG) is following the ISA Server 2006 to build out the next level of firewall system. Forefront TMG is the next lever of ISA Server 2006 so is also will successor all the feature of the ISA Server 2006, but not just successor. The Forefront TMG also added the new feature application-layer intelligence and the anti-malware to improve the firewall usability, security, and the functionality. Forefront TMG also provided a new policy which used for SharePoint protection through integration with the Microsoft SharePoint Services and Microsoft Forefront Protection for SharePoint Services. (Forefront Threat Management: Overview, 2009) 1.5.1 How Forefront TMG works as a Firewall A firewall is designated which between trusted network and untrusted network. For example, the trusted network is a corporate network and the untrusted network is the internet so want to protect the corporate must put a firewall in between. Normally the firewall is set at the Perimeter Zone, so the firewall can filter all the traffic from untrusted network and trusted network. The firewall is configured with the traffic filtering rules that define the types of network traffic that will be allowed to pass through. 1.5.1.1 Packet Filtering Packet Filtering is check the packet header information for all packets is arrived to the firewall, when the packet filtering check all the header information such as sources address and the destination address. If the packet filtering policy is match with header information it will allow to pass thought the firewall otherwise it will drop the packet or not forwarded thought the firewall. (Forefront Threat Management Gateway: features, 2010) 1.5.1.2 Stateful Filtering Stateful Filtering is to keep track all the network connection such as TCP or UDP. For the firewall is programmed to distinguish the packet isnt legitimate to pass though the firewall, and only the packet is matching the known connection just will allowed by the firewall. (Forefront Threat Management Gateway: features, 2010) 1.5.1.3 Application-Layer Filtering Application-Layer Filtering is to determine whether the packet is allowed or not to pass though the firewall. The application will open the entire packet to examine the data request from the internet web server using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) GET commands, the application filter will check the packet and detect the GET commands. Allowed or not allow is determine by the GET command policy from application filter. (Forefront Threat Management Gateway: features, 2010) 1.5.1.4 Spam Filtering Nows a day dont have a single tool or process can anti all the spam but the Forefront is providing a layered, multipronged and multifaceted to approach to reducing all the spam into the organization. For configure with the setting rules is at the spam filtering tab which is located in Forefront TMG. The Forefront TMG spam filtering includes such as Sender ID, Sender Filtering, Sender Reputation, IP Block, IP Allow, and the Recipient Filtering. For this entire feature in will filter inbound messages in a specific order to approach reducing spam. (Configuring Spam Filtering, 2010) 1.5.1.5 Virus Filtering Forefront TMG is provide the virus filtering to use remove the entire virus before it entry to the organization network to harm the server and computer. Forefront TMGs virus filtering is scanning with multiple engines to detect and remove virus, for the multiple engines can up to five to detect virus. (Chapter2: Selecting and Configuring Antivirus Scan Engines, 2010) 1.6 How Forefront TMG enabled SharePoint Services Web Publishing When using SharePoint Services normally also will using the services to sharing all those file because it will improve all the process efficiency, worker productivity and reducing the cooperate operating costs. So now the SharePoint services is taking to the next level mean SharePoint Services Web Publishing, when publish the SharePoint Services to the internet the Forefront TMG can help the site to the external user without compromising the security of the cooperate. The Forefront TMG got few way to help secure the site to enabled SharePoint Services Web Publishing, all the ways are includes such as Access based on source networks, Access for only encrypted traffic (HTTPS) or for both encrypted and unencrypted traffic, Allowing caching, Access based on time, and the Access based on use groups. (Configuring SharePoint publishing, 2010) 1.7 Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint is software that integrates with SharePoint and Microsoft Forefront TMG to help organization for protect their document libraries from viruses, worm, spam, inappropriate content. For the Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint got 3 ways to protect SharePoint, these 3 ways are include such as Comprehensive Protection, Simplified Management, and the Integrated Protection. (Forefront Security for SharePoint: Overview, 2009) 1.7.1 Comprehensive Protection In Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint, it provides the real-time antivirus and manages multiple scanning engines. Then it also provides the multi-layer protection in SharePoint. Other important features are file filtering and eliminate single points of failure. (Forefront Security for SharePoint: features, 2009) 1.7.2 Integrated Protection In Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint is enabling to give Microsoft SharePoint Services high performance protection without compromising the performance of SharePoint services. It helped the administrator to monitor and manage their SharePoint server easily. (Forefront Security for SharePoint: features, 2009) 1.7.3 Simplified Management The simplifies management is provide the user friendly configuration by Forefront Protection, Forefront Protection is also provided the auto update and monitor collaboration security health so that will easily to know the SharePoint services security situation. (Forefront Security for SharePoint: features, 2009) 1.8 Conclusion In this chapter, the author had learnt about the features in Microsoft SharePoint Services. Microsoft Forefront TMG and Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint had given huge benefits for the SharePoint to protect and maintain the document libraries in an organization. To make the secure document libraries, understanding on these few software is very important before deploying in the network. Chapter 2: Review on the network infrastructure 2.1 Introduction On last chapter, the author had conducted studies about Microsoft SharePoint Services, Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint and Forefront Threat Management Gateway, as well as the problems when deploying those servers into a network. In this chapter, the content is about the planning of deploys the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) in Forefront TMG that based on scenarios that commonly used by todays businesses. Planning is one of the most fundamental aspects of deploying a new network application, no matters it is inside a large business organization or small businesses. As a good planning stage is the main point of deploying a network. Besides that, the author would also discuss the network infrastructure that available in the Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS). 2.2 Hardware and Software Requirement 2.2.1 Hardware and Software Requirement for Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) 2.2.1.1 Stand-alone The minimum hardware requirement for setting up a Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and the deployment of Windows Internal Database will show as below: Component Minimum Recommended Processor 2.5  gigahertz (GHz) Dual processors that are each 3  GHz or faster RAM 1  gigabyte (GB) 2  GB Disk NTFS file system-formatted partition with a minimum of 3  GB of free space NTFS file system-formatted partition with 3  GB of free space plus adequate free space for your Web sites Drive DVD drive DVD drive or the source copied to a local or network-accessible drive Display 1024  ÃƒÆ'-  768 1024  ÃƒÆ'-  768 or higher resolution monitor Network 56  kilobits per second (Kbps) connection between client computers and server 56  Kbps or faster connection between client computers and server (Determine hardware and software requirements, 2010) 2.2.1.1.1 Database For the basic installation, the Windows Internal Database it will automatically installed. If for the advanced installation on the stand-alone computer that already have install the Microsoft SQL Server, and ensure the computer are meets the hardware and software requirements for the database server. 2.2.1.1.2 Operating System For the SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) minimum requirement is Windows Server 2003 with the SP1 and the SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) also can run on other Window Server 2003 edition such as: Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition Windows Server 2003 Web Edition 2.2.1.1.3 Windows Components For the operating system must applied all the critical updates and must to configure the computer become a Web Server by enabling IIS6.0, common files, WWW, and the SMTP. If at Window Server 2008 must have IIS 7.0 installed to install Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 with SP1. For another windows component also needed to install like Microsoft .Net Framework 3.0 and the ASP.Net before install Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS). 2.2.1.2 Server Farm The different between a stand-alone and server farm topology is that use more than one computer to host, for the following roles is including Front-end Web server and database server. 2.2.1.2.1 Front- end Web Server 2.2.1.2.1.1 Hardware and software requirement The minimum hardware requirement for setting up a Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) and the deployment of Windows Internal Database will show as below: Component Minimum Recommended Processor 2.5  GHz Dual processors that are each 3  GHz or faster RAM 2  GB More than 2  GB Disk NTFS file system-formatted partition with a minimum of 3  GB of free space NTFS file system-formatted partition with 3  GB of free space plus adequate free space for your data storage requirements Drive DVD drive DVD drive or the source copied to a local or network-accessible drive Display 1024  ÃƒÆ'-  768 1024  ÃƒÆ'-  768 or higher resolution monitor Network  · 56  Kbps connection between client computers and server  · For connections between computers in your server farm, 100  Mbps connection  · 56  Kbps or faster connection between client computers and server  · For connections between computers in your server farm, 1  Gbps connection (Determine hardware and software requirements, 2010) 2.2.1.2.2 Operating System For the SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) minimum requirement is Windows Server 2003 with the SP1 and the SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS) also can run on other Window Server 2003 edition such as: Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition Windows Server 2003 Web Edition 2.2.1.2.3 Windows Components For the operating system must applied all the critical updates and must to configure the computer become a Web Server by enabling IIS6.0, common files, WWW, and the SMTP. If at Window Server 2008 must have IIS 7.0 installed to install Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 with SP1. For another windows component also needed to install like Microsoft .Net Framework 3.0 and the ASP.Net before install Microsoft SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS). 2.2.1.2.4 Database Server For the hardware and software requirement is same as front-end Web Server but the database server role must at least have SQL Server 2000 latest service pack or Microsoft SQL Server 2005 SP1 or later. 2.2.2 Hardware and Software Requirement for Microsoft Forefront TMG The minimum hardware and software requirement for setting up a Microsoft Forefront TMG show as below: (System requirements for Forefront TMG, 2010) 2.2.3 Hardware and Software Requirement for Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint The minimum hardware and software requirement for setting up a Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 show as below: (Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint: System Requirement, 2010) 2.3 Study on the existing network infrastructure for SharePoint Services In this topic, the author will do some research about existing network for Microsoft SharePoint Services on the internet source. Some briefly explanation on the diagram will given that show as below: Figure 2.1 (Forefront Security for SharePoint: Extranet Solution, 2010) The author has found the diagram via internet site which is publishing by microsoft.forefront.com. This diagram is a network diagram for a organization with multiple servers and multiple protection. A computer has been configured as a Forefront Security for SharePoint, Forefront Server Security Management Console, and the firewall is using the Intelligent Application Gateway 2007. In this network infrastructure is using two products to