Tuberculosis Prevention Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Disease TB

Tuberculosis Prevention There are several ways to prevent tuberculosis. One is to control existing infections from those infected including people, pets, and cows. Unfortunately, more than 1/3 of the population has tuberculosis, making it hard to contain every case of tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine exists, but it is not very useful in countries like the US. The body’s defenses against tuberculosis are effective but fail once the immune system becomes suppressed. Antibiotics can be used to help prevent tuberculosis, but tuberculosis quickly grows resistant to antibiotics. Much needed research is being done to find a way to fight off and prevent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis has plagued mankind for a long time. This disease, which was previously believed to be eradicated, has once again shown up and begun attacking the lives of many humans. Tuberculosis infects a third of the population and kills a fraction of them. Many approaches have been used including different varieties of infection control, bodily defenses, and treatments to try to protect humans from tuberculosis. The best way to prevent tuberculosis infections is to contain the source of tuberculosis. The most common source of tuberculosis infection is from infected humans. By diagnosing, containing, and treating people with latent tuberculosis before they get active, contagious tuberculosis, tuberculosis can be quickly contained. Once someone has been diagnosed with TB, they should be placed under isolation. All TB isolation rooms must have a lower air pressure when compared to the outside corridors. This ensures that air enters the isolation room from hallways and adjacent areas and leaves only via planned outside exhausts†¦ Vertical displacement ventilation can also be u... ...ingfield: Charles C Thomas, 1943. 4.) Means-Markwell, MC, USNR, LCDR Melissa. Prevention of tuberculosis. Aug 2000 Postgraduate Medicine. 16 July 2006 . 5.) Mylonakis, M.D., Eleftherios. PPD skin test. 10 June 2006 MedlinePlus. 26 July 2006 . 6.) PetPlace Veterinarians. Tuberculosis in Dogs. 2006 PetPlace. 26 July 2006 . 7.) Shiel, Jr., MD, FACP, FACR , William C.. Tuberculosis Skin Test. 18 Sept 2005 MedicineNet, Inc.. 23 July 2006 . 8.) Tuberculosis. 21 Dec 2004 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). 16 July 2006 .

Corporate Social Responsibilities of Maruti Suzuki in Terms of Employment

MUMBAI: Maruti Suzuki India, the country's largest carmaker, is extending some of its corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to associates on the shop-floor in a bid to make it more inclusive and increase their identification with the company. So far, these programmes were only for managers and engineers. As part of the initiative called e-parivartan, the company helps employees contribute to various social causes. The initiative is run in partnership with local voluntary organisations. Ads by Google LIC Life Insurance PlansInvest Rs. 543/Month & Get Rs. Cr. Life Cover+Medical Benefit. Buy Now LIC. TermInsuranceIndia. co. in Reliance Job Openings2500+ New Jobs For Exp: 5-15 Years. Upload Resume. Apply to Reliance Now TimesJobs. com/Reliance-Openings The company's CSR department facilitates volunteering activity as a link between employees and the community. â€Å"Encouraged by their enthusiasm for social work, we would like to take the employee volunteering programme to th e shop floor,† says SY Siddiqui, chief operating officer in charge of administration (HR, finance, IT and COSL) at Maruti Suzuki India. Some of the focus areas for next year include counselling Class 10 and 12 students at local government schools for higher studies and vocational courses, and support to the environment. â€Å"This community interaction gives extreme satisfaction to the employees. With such associations, their involvement and liking for the company also goes up,† says Siddiqui. The e-parivartan programme was started about four years ago when a group of young employees, in a communication meeting, expressed their desire to meaningfully associate with a social cause. Starting with 40 employees in 2008-09, the programme now involves about 2,200 staffers. From this year, the company has made volunteering an integral part of new employees' induction programme. For instance, new employees like graduate engineer trainees (GET) undergo a full day of community service. This year, a group of GETs participated in an anti-malaria and dengue campaign in Gurgaon that was organised by Maruti in partnership with the government health department. Such exposure helps us shape them as rounded professionals so they are able to contribute not just to the company but also to society,† says a company spokesperson. Underlining the fact that a renewed focus on employee involvement and engagement is very critical for the company, Siddiqui says: â€Å"HR should be able to support all, blue-collared or white-collared. Maruti is refocusing on building bridges between the whiteand blue-collared. † E-parivartan has so far shown tremendous results with white- col lared employees,

Placoid Scales on Sharks and Rays

Placoid scales are the tiny, tough scales that cover the skin of elasmobranches, or cartilaginous fish—this includes sharks, rays, and other skates. While placoid scales are similar in some ways to the scales of bony fish, they are more like teeth covered with hard enamel. Unlike the scales of other fish, these do not grow after an organism has fully matured. Placoid scales are often called dermal denticles because they grow out of the dermis layer. The Function of Placoid Scales Placoid scales are packed tightly together, are supported by spines, and grow with their tips facing backward and laying flat. Placoid scales are rough to the touch and the structure they form is nearly impossible to penetrate. These scales function to protect a fish from predators and can even be used to injure or kill prey. The v-shape of a placoid scale reduces drag and increases turbulence as a fish moves through the water so that they may swim more quickly and quietly, all while expending less energy. Placoid scales form a matrix that is so dynamic and fluid that swimsuits have been designed to mimic their composition. The Structure of Placoid Scales The flat rectangular base plate of a placoid scale is embedded in a fishs skin. Like teeth, placoid scales have an inner core of pulp composed of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves. They are a part of the fish. The pulp cavity is nursed by a layer of odontoblast cells that secrete dentine. This hard, calcified material forms the next layer of scales, which fits tightly between the old layers. The dentine is coated in vitrodentine, which is an enamel-like substance that is produced by the ectoderm and is even harder than dentine. Once the scale erupts through the epidermis, it cannot be coated in any more enamel. Different species of cartilaginous fish support their scales with unique spines based on the shape and role of the fish. A species can be identified by the shape of its scales. Because rays are flat and sharks are more angular, the spines of their placoid scales are slightly different to allow both fish to swim quickly. The placoid scales of some sharks are shaped like a duck foot with spikes at the base. These spines are what make the skin so rough in texture that some cultures have been using it to sand and file for centuries. Shark Skin Leather In addition to being used as sandpaper, shark skin is often made into leather called shagreen. Shark scales are ground down so that the surface of the skin is still rough but smoothed enough that the leather can be handled without causing injury. Shark skin leather can take on dye colors or be left white. Years ago, sturdy shark skin leather was used to encase sword hilts and add grip. Other Types of Fish Scales The four main types of fish scales include placoid, ctenoid, cycloid, and ganoid scales. This list gives a brief description of the characteristics of all scale types other than placoid. Ctenoid: These scales are thin and round and rimmed with an outer edge of teeth. They are found on fish such as perch, sunfish, and other bony fish.Cycloid: These scales are large and rounded and show growth rings as they grow with the animal. They are smooth and can be found on fish such as salmon and carp.Ganoid: These scales are diamond-shaped and fit together like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle rather than overlapping. Gars, bichirs, sturgeons, and reedfishes have these armor plates.